Diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con vejiga neurogénica en la Unidad Técnica de Cirugía Pediátrica / Diagnosis and treatment of patients with Neurogenic bladder in the Surgery Technical Unit Pediatric

El presente trabajo toma como base el documento: "Manejo Urológico del Mielomeningocele" de las Guías de Atención Pediátrica, del Hospital De Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan" de la ciudad de Buenos Aires - Argentina; de los autores: Dra. Carol Burek y Dra. Liliana Campmany. En la Unidad Técnica de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, se atienden por mes unos 50 a 70 pacientes afectos de vejiga neurogénica desde el nacimiento hasta la adolescencia. Es una enfermedad crónica que requiere un diagnóstico correcto con estudios de imagen y función de la vía urinaria además de un posterior manejo diario por parte de los padres con la guía del médico especialista.

This work is based on the document: "Urological Management of Myelomeningocele" from the Pediatric Care Guidelines of the Hospital De Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan" of the city of Buenos Aires - Argentina; by the authors: Dr. Carol Burek and Dr. Liliana Campmany. In the Pediatric Surgery Technical Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, 50 to 70 patients affected by neurogenic bladder from birth to adolescence are treated every month. It is a chronic disease that requires a correct diagnosis with imaging and urinary tract function studies, as well as subsequent daily management by the parents under the guidance of the specialist.

GAO Wei-bin's clinical experience in treatment of neurogenic bladder with acupuncture / 中国针灸

The paper introduces GAO Wei-bin's clinical experience in acupuncture treatment for neurogenic bladder. In association with the etiology, the location and types of neurogenic bladder and in accordance with nerve anatomy and meridian differentiation, the acupoints are selected accurately in treatment. Four acupoint prescriptions are allocated. For frequent urination and urinary incontinence, the foot-motor-sensory area of scalp acupuncture, Shenshu (BL 23) and Huiyang (BL 35) are used. For all kinds of urine retention, especially the patients who are not suitable for acupuncture at the lumbar region, Zhongji (CV 3), Qugu (CV 2), Henggu (KI 11) and Dahe (KI 12) are selected. For all kinds of urine retention, Zhongliao (BL 33) and Ciliao (BL 32) are applicable. For the patients with both dysuria and urinary incontinence, Zhongliao (BL 33), Ciliao (BL 32) and Huiyang (BL 35) are chosen. In treatment of neurogenic bladder, both biao (root causes) and ben (primary symptoms) are considered, as well as the accompanying symptoms; and electroacupuncture is combined accordingly. During the delivery of acupuncture, the sites where the acupoints located are detected and palpated so as to rationally control the depth of needle insertion and the operation of reinforcing and reducing needling techniques.

Neurogenic bladder: concepts and treatment recommendations

Bladder and urinary sphincter malfunctioning that results from some change in the central and/or peripheral nervous system is defined as neurogenic bladder. The urinary tract symptoms that can be related to its filling, emptying, or both have a significant impact on the quality of life of individuals. The present review was based on the document prepared for the public health system in Brazil as a treatment guidelines proposal. Material and Methods: Survey questions were structured as per PICO (Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome). Search strategies were defined and performed in the MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Epistemonikos and Google Scholar databases. The selection of articles followed the evidence hierarchy concept; evidence body was identified, and the quantitative study data were extracted. The quality of evidence and grade of recommendation were qualitatively assessed according to GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations). Results: A total of 2.707 articles were identified, with 49 of them being selected to compose the basis for this review. Neurogenic bladder treatments were classified according to their focus on filling or emptying symptoms and sub- classified in pharmacological and surgical treatments. Conclusion: Treatment guidelines are important tools for the public health system to promote the best practice when treating neurogenic bladder patients.

Disfunção Neurogênica do Trato Urinário Inferior: Construção e Validação de Instrumento para Consulta de Enfermagem / Neurogenic Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract: Construction and Validation of an Instrument for Nursing Consultation / Disfunción Neurogénica del Tracto Urinario Inferior: Construcción y Validación de un Instrumento para la Consulta de Enfermería

Objetivo:Construir e validar conteúdo de instrumento de coleta de dados para a consulta de enfermagem à pessoa com disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior em seguimento ambulatorial. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico composto de duas etapas: elaboração do instrumento e validação do conteúdo. Por meio da busca de evidências científicas encontradas na literatura, foi elaborado um instrumento para consulta de admissão. O conteúdo foi validado, no mês de agosto de 2021, por nove especialistas, mediante revisões independentes. Resultados: Após a avaliação realizada, algumas modificações foram necessárias para melhor adequação e apresentação final do instrumento desenvolvido. Na análise de conteúdo, foram identificados 62 itens com razão de validade de conteúdo médio abaixo de 0,78, sendo estes excluídos do instrumento, que ficou na sua versão final com 160 itens, organizados em três partes. Conclusão: O instrumento representa um norteador para a consulta de enfermagem e para futuras pesquisas, contribuindo na melhoria da qualidade da assistência, pela sistematização da assistência e por uma abordagem integral de cuidados a essa clientela.

Objective:To construct and validate the content of a data collection instrument for the nursing consultation of people with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in outpatient follow-up. Methods: This is a methodological study composed of two stages: elaboration of the instrument and content validation. Through the search for scientific evidence found in the literature, an instrument for admission consultation was developed. The content was validated in August 2021 by experts through independent reviews. Results: After the evaluation performed, some modifications were necessary for better adaptation and final presentation of the instrument developed. In the content analysis, 62 items with mean content validity reason below 0.78 were identified, which were excluded from the instrument. The final instrument had 160 items organized into three parts. Conclusion: The instrument represents a guide for the nursing consultation and for future investigations, contributing to the improvement of the quality of care, through the systematization of care and a comprehensive approach to care for this clientele

Objetivo:Construir y validar el contenido de un instrumento de recolección de datos para la consulta de enfermería de personas con Disfunción Neurogénica del Tracto Urinario Inferior en seguimiento ambulatorio. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio metodológico compuesto por dos etapas: elaboración del instrumento y validación de contenido. A través de la búsqueda de evidencia científica encontrada en la literatura, se elaboró un instrumento de consulta de admisión. El contenido fue validado en agosto de 2021 por expertos a través de revisiones independientes. Resultados: Luego de la evaluación realizada, fueron necesarias algunas modificaciones para una mejor adaptación y presentación final del instrumento desarrollado. En el análisis de contenido fueron identificados 62 ítems con RCV-Mean inferior a 0,78, que fueron excluidos del instrumento. El instrumento final tenía 160 ítems organizados en tres partes. Conclusión: El instrumento representa una guía para la consulta de enfermería y para futuras investigaciones, contribuyendo para la mejora de la calidad de la atención, a través de la sistematización de la atención y el abordaje integral de la atención a esta clientela.

Disfunción urinaria en la enfermedad de Parkinson: una revisión práctica / Urinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a practical review

Resumen La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una enfermedad multisistémica de naturaleza neurodegenerativa, que clínicamente se caracteriza por presencia de síntomas motores como bradicinesia, rigidez, temblor en reposo e inestabilidad postural. Sin embargo, también pueden estar presentes síntomas no motores que constituyen trastornos del ánimo, trastornos del sueño, disfunción cognitiva o disfunción autonómica. Dentro de las disfunciones autonómicas, los síntomas urinarios se han documentado en los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson. Los síntomas urinarios más comunes son la nicturia, urgencia urinaria, aumento de la frecuencia miccional e incontinencia de urgencia. El presente artículo hace una revisión narrativa de la literatura actual sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la disfunción urinaria en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative multisystemic diseases, which is clinically characterized by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. However, non-motor symptoms constituting mood disorders, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, or autonomic dysfunction may also be present. Within autonomic dysfunctions, urinary symptoms have been documented in patients with Parkinson's disease. The most common urinary symptoms are nocturia, urinary urgency, increased urinary frequency, and urge incontinence. This article makes a narrative review of the current literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of urinary dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children update and recommendations on medical treatment

ABSTRACT Introduction: Defective closure of the neural tube affects different systems and generates sequelae, such as neurogenic bladder (NB). Myelomeningocele (MMC) represents the most frequent and most severe cause of NB in children. Damage of the renal parenchyma in children with NB acquired in postnatal stages is preventable given adequate evaluation, follow-up and proactive management. The aim of this document is to update issues on medical management of neurogenic bladder in children. Materials and Methods: Five Pediatric Urologists joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on "Spina Bifida, Neurogenic Bladder in Children" and elaborated a draft of the document. All the members of the group focused on the same system of classification of the levels of evidence (GRADE system) in order to assess the literature and the recommendations. During the year 2020 the panel of experts has met virtually to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion: The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) should be implemented during the first days of life, and antimuscarinic drugs should be indicated upon results of urodynamic studies. When the patient becomes refractory to first-line therapy, receptor-selective pharmacotherapy is available nowadays, which leads to a reduction in reconstructive procedures, such as augmentation cystoplasty.

Reabilitação da bexiga neurogênica: métodos de manejo, complicações urológicas, estilo de vida e satisfação pessoal em pessoas com lesão medular / Neurogenic bladder rehabilitation: management methods, urological complications, lifestyle and personal satisfaction in people with spinal cord injury

Os danos neurológicos após a lesao medular (LM) são responsáveis por alterações nas funções de armazenamento de urina e da micção, as quais representam a causa mais frequente de reinternações hospitalares e prejuízo da qualidade de vida (QV). No Brasil estudos sobre essa temática ainda são incipientes. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os métodos de manejo da bexiga neurogênica e sua relação com as complicações urológicas de incontinência urinária (IU) e infecção de trato urinário (ITU), estilo de vida e satisfação pessoal em brasileiros com LM. Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório, analítico e de corte transversal, com 290 adultos, cadastrados em um banco de dados do Núcleo de Pesquisa e Atenção em Reabilitação Neuropsicomotora (NeuroRehab) para participação voluntária em pesquisas em LM. Os dados foram coletados com o instrumento validado, índice de tratamento do intestino e da bexiga (BBTI), por meio de entrevista telefônica. A maioria eram homens (70,0%), jovens, com média de idade de 41,02 anos (DP=10,43), beneficiários da previdência social (58,6%), com renda familiar entre 1 e três salários mínimos, com LM no nível torácico (62,8%), predominante traumática (77,6%), e causada por acidentes de trânsito (44,1%). A principal forma de esvaziamento da bexiga foi o cateterismo intermitente limpo (CIL) (74,1%). A satisfação com a rotina de manejo vesical (p = 0,0261), flexibilidade com a rotina (p = 0,007), e menor impacto na qualidade de vida (p ≤ 0,001) estavam relacionados ao esvaziamento vesical por micção normal, assim como uma melhor adaptação para trabalho fora de casa (p < 0,001), a realização de atividades do dia a dia (p ≤0,001) e uma menor interferência na vida social(p = 0,001). Entre os que realizavam o CIL, o método exigiu uma adaptação na rotina (p = 0,014), maior impossibilidade para trabalhar fora de casa (p = 0,004) e ser visto como um problema (p=0,014). Por outro lado, quando é realizado pelo próprio indivíduo (autocateterismo) essas associações não ocorreram (p=0,064). Mais da metade dos participantes relataram episódios de IU (55,6%) e de ITU (58,6%). O manejo com o uso do estímulo do reflexo da bexiga foi associado à IU (p=0,046).A IU alterou negativamente a satisfação com a rotina (p≤0,001), a eficácia do manejo vesical (p≤0,001), a QV (p=0,008), os relacionamentos pessoais (p=0,001), sociais(p=0,002), e as atividades laborais(p≤0,001). Houve associação entre o CIL com maiores episódios de ITU (p=0,001), enquanto a micção normal (p≤0,001) e compressão da bexiga (p=0,029) com menores episódios de ITU. A ITU apresentou impacto negativo em todas as variáveis que avaliaram a satisfação e o estilo de vida, como QV (p=0,040), satisfação com sua rotina (p=0,008), atividades laborais (p=0,012), sair de casa (p=0,030) e relacionamento social (p=0,005). Os dados apresentados neste estudo mostram os desafios das pessoas com LM no manejo vesical e podem indicar a demanda do contínuo desenvolvimento do tratamento da bexiga neurogênica. Nessa direção, são necessários mais estudos que busquem alternativas que considerem tanto a preservação do trato urinário quanto as questões pessoais do manejo vesical após a LM

Neurological damage caused to spinal cord injury (SCI) is responsible for changes in the functions of urine storage and urination, which represent the most frequent cause of hospital readmissions and impaired quality of life (QOL).In Brazil, studies on life satisfaction and urinary complications related to forms of bladder emptying are still incipient. Therefore, interest in studying issues related to the method of bladder management, its relationship with urinary complications of urinary incontinence (UI) and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and with satisfaction and lifestyle. This was a quantitative, exploratory, analytical and cross-sectional study, with 290 adults, registered in a database of the Center for Research and Care in Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation (NeuroRehab) for voluntary participation in research in SCI. The sociodemographic data, SCI and bladder characterization from the Bowel and Bladder Treatment Index (BBTI) were collected through telephone interviews. Most participants were male(70,0%), young, with an average age of 41.02 years (SD=10,43), social security beneficiaries(58,6%), with low family income (between one and three minimum wages), with predominantly traumatic SCI (77,6%) at the thoracic level (62,8%) and of main cause traffic accidents (44,1%). Most participants used clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) as the main way to empty the bladder (74,1%). Satisfaction with the bladder management routine (p = 0,0261), flexibility with the routine (p = 0,007) and less impact on quality of life (p < 0,001) were related to bladder emptying by normal urination, as well as better adaptation to working outside the home (p < 0,001), performing daily activities (p < 0,001) and a less interference in social life (p = 0,001). Participants who performed the CIC evaluated that the method requires an adaptation in the routine, brings greater impossibility to work outside the home (p = 0,014) and is seen as a problem (p =0,014). On the other hand, when it is performed by the individual, these associations did not occur (p=0,064). More than half of the participants reported episodes of UI (55,6%) and UTI (58,6%). Management using bladder reflex stimulation was associated with UI IU (p=0,046). Incontinence negatively changed satisfaction with routine (p<0,001), effectiveness of bladder management (p<0,001), QOL(p=0,008), personal (p=0,001), and social relationships (p=0,002) and work activities (p<0,001). Regarding UTI, there was an association between CIC with more episodes of UTI (p=0,001) and normal urination (p<0,001) and bladder compression(p=0,029) with fewer episodes, with UTI having a negative impact on all variables that assessed satisfaction and lifestyle. The data presented in this study show the challenges faced by people with SCI in bladder management and may indicate the demand for the continued development of the treatment of neurogenic bladder. In this sense, further studies are needed that seek alternatives that consider both the preservation of the urinary tract and personal issues in bladder management after SCI.

Fatores que interferem na evolução urológica de pacientes com disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior causada pela Síndrome Congênita do Zika Vírus / Factors that interfere with the urological evolution of patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction caused by Zika Virus Congenital Syndrome

Introdução: A disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior (DNTUI) é uma sequela urológica da Síndrome Congênita do Zika vírus6 (SCZV). Apesar de os pacientes com SCZV e DNTUI receberem o mesmo tratamento, tem-se observado evolução diferente. Objetivo: Avaliar a existência de fatores de interferência para a resposta ao tratamento urológico nas crianças portadoras de SCZV, especificamente: (1) Identificar seu perfil sociodemográfico, clínico, neurológico e urológico; (2) Avaliar o efeito do tratamento nas variáveis de risco urológico e (3) Avaliar o efeito dos fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e neurológicos na resposta ao tratamento urológico destes pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo transversal incluindo crianças assistidas na coorte institucional do IFF com SCZV e DNTUI, tratadas nos ambulatórios de Urodinâmica e Neurologia entre 2015 e 2021 e com duas avaliações urodinâmicas realizadas. Variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, neurológicas e urológicas foram coletadas através de ficha própria. O primeiro e o segundo exame de urodinâmica foram comparados para avaliar a evolução, após a intervenção terapêutica. Com a finalidade de avaliar fatores de interferência para a resposta ao tratamento urológico, as crianças foram separadas em dois grupos - as que apresentaram alguma melhora urodinâmica e as que não, correlacionando as variáveis com a resposta ao tratamento. Analisou-se as variáveis categóricas pela frequência de ocorrência e as numéricas pela média e desvio padrão, comparando os grupos pelo chi-square test. Resultados: Foram incluídas 50 crianças, 50% do sexo feminino e 54% acima de 12 meses de idade; 70% tiveram exposição vertical ao vírus no primeiro trimestre da gestação, 62% com microcefalia grave e a maioria com dilatação ventricular, síndrome cortical e epiléptica, todas com DNTUI, 74% com perfil urológico. Resultados: Foram incluídas 50 crianças, 50% do sexo feminino e 54% acima de 12 meses de idade; 70% tiveram exposição vertical ao vírus no primeiro trimestre da gestação, 62% com microcefalia grave e a maioria com dilatação ventricular, síndrome cortical e epiléptica, todas com DNTUI, 74% com perfil urológico de risco para trato urinário superior. No parto, 86% das mães tinham entre 18 e 36 anos de idade e menos de oito anos de estudo. Entre as 50 crianças, 41 apresentaram alguma melhora urodinâmica pós-tratamento, com redução significativa da pressão vesical máxima (p= 0.001) e aumento significativo da capacidade vesical máxima (p=0.001) e da complacência vesical (p=0.000). Não se observou significância estatística que confirmasse a interferência dos fatores analisados no tratamento urológico. Conclusão: O estudo confirmou a significativa melhora dos padrões urodinâmicos observada nos exames de controle, reafirmando a importância de investigar a sequela urológica nestas crianças.

Introduction: Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (NLUTD) is a urological sequel of Congenital Zika Syndrome6 (CZS). Although these patients received the same treatment, they did not respond in the same way. Objective: To evaluate the presence of interference factors in the response to the urological treatment in children with CZS, specifically: (1) To identify their sociodemographic, clinical, neurological and urological profile; (2) To evaluate the effect of treatment on the urological risk variables and (3) To evaluate the effect of sociodemographic, clinical and neurological factors on the response to their urological treatment. Methodology: Cross-sectional study including children assisted in the institutional cohort of IFF with CZS and NLUTD, treated in the Urodynamic and in the Neurology outpatient clinics between 2015 and 2021, who have performed two urodynamic evaluations. Sociodemographic, clinical, neurological, and urological variables were collected through a specific research form. The first and second urodynamics exams were compared to evaluate urological response after the therapeutic intervention. To evaluate the presence of interference factors on urological treatment, the children were separated into two groups - those that presented any urodynamic improvement and those that did not, correlating the variables with the response to treatment. Categorical variables were analyzed by frequency of occurrence and numerical variables by mean and standard deviation, comparing the groups by chi-square test. Results: Fifty children were included, 50% female and 54% older than 12 months of age; 70% were vertically exposed to the virus during in the first trimester of pregnancy, 62% developed severe microcephaly and the majority also presented ventricular dilation, and cortical and epileptic syndrome. All presented DNTUI, 74% with an urological risk profile to the upper urinary tract. At birth, 86% of the mothers were between 18 and 36 years of age and had completed less than eight years of schooling. Among the 50 children, 41 presented some post-treatment urodynamic improvements, including a significant reduction in the maximum bladder pressure (p= 0.001) and a significant increase in the maximum bladder capacity (p=0.001) and bladder compliance (p=0.000). There was no statistical significance that confirmed the interference of the factors in the urological treatment. Conclusion: The study confirmed the significant improvement in urodynamic patterns, when compared the first with the control exams, reaffirming the importance of investigating urological sequelae in these children.

Alto porcentaje de ausencia de reflejo bulbocavernoso en pacientes neurológicamente sanos con disfunción vesical / High Percentage of Absence of Bulbocavernosus Reflex in Neurologically-Healthy Patients with Bladder Dysfunction

Introducción y Objetivo El reflejo bulbocavernoso (RBCV) se ha observado ausente incluso en pacientes neurológicamente sanos. Los trastornos funcionales del piso pélvico deben incluir su evaluación. Nuestro objetivo primario fue evaluar la prevalencia de ausencia de RBCV en pacientes sanos. El objetivo secundario fue observar la afectación del RBCV en presencia de otras comorbilidades cómo enfermedad neurológica y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, en el que se revisaron mil expedientes clínicos de pacientes sometidos a estudio urodinámico a quienes se les realizó exploración mecánica del RBCV como parte de una exploración rutinaria. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas utilizando la prueba tde Student y la de chi cuadrado, respectivamente. Se consideraron estadísticamente significativos valores de p < 0,05. Resultados La muestra tenía una media de edad de 59,84 años (desviación estándar [DE]: ± 14,13 años), y contenía 36,19% de mujeres y 21,13% de hombres sin enfermedad neurológica y RBCV ausente. Se observó mayor ausencia de RBCV en pacientes con presencia de enfermedad neurológica en comparación con pacientes neurológicamente sanos: 21,6% versus 10,6%, respectivamente (p < 0,0001); además, se observó una ausencia importante de RBCV en presencia de diabetes mellitus en comparación con pacientes no diabéticos: 30.8% versus 18.8%, respectivamente (p < 0,0001). No se observaron diferencias al comparar grupos con respecto a disfunción vesical. Conclusión La ausencia de RBCV no es exclusiva de una enfermedad neurológica con repercusión de síntomas del tracto urinario inferior, y la proporción de pacientes neurológicamente sanos con ausencia de RBCV no es despreciable. No se encontró una diferencia significativa en los grupos con ausencia de RBCV con respecto a disfunción vesical.

Introduction and Objective Absence of the bulbocavernosus reflex (BCVR) has been observed even in neurologically-healthy subjects. Functional disorders of the pelvic floor should include its assessment. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the absence of BCVR in healthy subjects. The secondary objective was to evaluate the BCVR with regards to the presence of other comorbidities, such as neurogenic bladder and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A descriptive and retrospective study in which we reviewed the clinical files of one thousand subjects who underwent a urodynamic study and were submitted to a mechanical exploration of the BCVR as part of a routine evaluation. Descriptive statistics were performed for the quantitative and qualitative variables using the Student t and the Chi-squared tests accordingly. Values of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The sample had a mean age of 59.84 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 14.13 years), and it contained 36.19% of women and 21.13% of men without neurological disease and absent BCVR. A higher proportion of BCVR absence was observed in patients with neurological disease compared to their healthy counterparts: 21.6% and 10.6% respectively (p ≤ 0.0001); furthermore, an important absence of the BCVR was observed in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus compared to non-diabetic patients: 30.8% and 18.8% respectively (p ≤ 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the group comparison regarding bladder dysfunction. Conclusion The absence of the RBCV is not exclusive to a neurological disease with repercussions in terms of lower urinary tract symptoms, and the proportion of neurologically healthy subjects with absence of the BCVR is not negligible. No significant difference was found in groups with absence of the BCVR with regards to bladder dysfunction

Effect of moxibustion at "oppositely-located points" on neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rats / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of moxibustion at oppositely-located points "Mingmen" (GV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) on the motor function of the hind limbs and bladder function in rats with neurogenic bladder after suprasacral spinal cord injury (SCI), so as to explore the effect of this therapy on bladder tissue apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.@*METHODS@#Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group (8 rats) and a model establishment group (20 rats). Using the modified Allen's method, the spinal cord of T10 segment was injured to establish a neurogenic bladder model in the model establishment group. Sixteen rats were modeled successfully and then divided into a model group (8 rats) and a moxibustion group (8 rats). In the moxibustion group, 2 h after consciousness regaining from modeling anesthesia, moxibustion was exerted at "Shenque" (CV 8) and "Mingmen" (GV 4), 2 cones at each acupoint in one intervention. The intervention was administered once every two days and 5-time intervention was required totally. After intervention, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB) score for the motor function of the hind limbs, and the urodynamics indexes (maximum bladder capacity, urine leakage pressure and bladder compliance) were compared among groups. HE staining method was adopted to observe the morphological changes of bladder tissue. With Western blot method and real-time PCR assay, the protein and mRNA expressions of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (glucose- regulated protein 78 [GRP78], activating transcription factor 4 [ATF4] and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-12 [Caspase-12]) were determined.@*RESULTS@#The transitional epithelial cells were arranged irregularly, the bladder wall was getting thinner, and the cellular vacuolar degeneration and neutrophil infiltration were found in the model group. Whereas, compared with the model group, in the moxibustion group, the arrangement of transitional epithelial cells was clear and continuous in layers, the cellular vacuolar degeneration was mild and the infiltration presented in a small amount of neutrophil granulocytes. Compared with the sham-operation group, in the model group, the BBB score was reduced (P<0.01), the maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance were increased (P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of GRP78, ATF4 and Caspase-12, as well as mRNA expressions were all increased (P<0.01). In comparison with the model group, in the moxibustion group, BBB score was increased (P<0.01), the maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance were decreased (P<0.01), and the protein and mRNA expression levels of GRP78, ATF4 and Caspase-12 were all decreased (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Moxibustion at the "oppositely-located points" improves the urination function, alleviate urine retention in neurogenic bladder rats after spinal cord injury. The underlying mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the expressions of GRP78, ATF4 and Caspase-12 in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway of the bladder tissues, and thus to alleviate the apoptosis of bladder tissue.

Effect of moxibustion on M2 and P2X3 receptors of bladder tissue in rats with neurogenic bladder of detrusor areflexia after lumbar-sacral spinal cord injury / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of moxibustion at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) on acetylcholine (Ach), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and muscarinic-type choline receptor (M2) and purine receptor P2X3 in bladder tissue in the rats with neurogenic bladder (NB) of detrusor areflexia after lumbar-sacral spinal cord injury and explore the underlying mechanism of moxibustion for promoting detrusor contraction.@*METHODS@#Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into a model preparation group (n=45) and a sham-operation group (n=15). In the model preparation group, the modified Hassan Shaker spinal cord transection method was used to prepare the model of NB. In the sham-operation group, the spinal cord transection was not exerted except laminectomy and spinal cord exposure. Among the rats with successfully modeled, 30 rats were selected and divided randomly into a model group and a moxibustion group, with 15 rats in each one. On the 15th day after the operation, moxibustion was applied at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) in the moxibustion group, 10 min at each acupoint, once a day. The consecutive 7-day treatment was as one course and the intervention for 2 courses was required. Urodynamic test was adopted to evaluate bladder function in rats. Using HE staining, the morphological changes in bladder tissue were observed. The content of Ach and ATP in bladder tissue was measured with biochemical method, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 and P2X3 receptors in bladder tissue were detected with Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantification PCR method.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the sham-operation group, the maximum bladder capacity, leakage point pressure and bladder compliance were increased in the rats of the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the maximum bladder capacity, the leakage point pressure and bladder compliance were decreased in the rats of the moxibustion group (P<0.05). In the model group, the detrusor fibres were arranged irregularly, bladder epithelial tissues were not tightly connected and cell arrangement was disordered, combined with a large number of vacuolar cells. In the moxibustion group, compared with the model group, the detrusor fibres were arranged regularly, bladder epithelial cells were well distributed and vacuolar cells were reduced. Compared with the sham-operation group, the content of Ach and ATP in bladder tissue was decreased (P<0.05), the protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 and P2X3 receptors were reduced (P<0.05) in the model group. In the moxibustion group, the content of Ach and ATP in bladder tissue was increased (P<0.05) and the protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 and P2X3 receptors were increased (P<0.05) as compared with the model group.@*CONCLUSION@#Moxibustion at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) may effectively improve bladder function in the rats with NB of detrusor areflexia after lumbar-sacral spinal cord injury and its underlying mechanism is related to promoting the release of Ach and up-regulating the expression of M2 receptor, thereby enhancing the release of ATP and increasing the expression of P2X3 receptor. Eventually, detrusor contraction is improved.

A satisfação da pessoa com retenção urinária no uso de diferentes tipos de cateteres vesicais / The satisfaction of the person with urinary retention in the use of different types of urinary catheters / La satisfacción de la persona con retención urinaria en el uso de diferentes tipos de catéteres vesicales

Objetivo:avaliar a satisfação da pessoa com retenção urinária diante do uso de diferentes tipos de cateteres vesicais bem como comparar e analisar diferentes atributos desses após a sua utilização no cateterismo intermitente limpo (CIL). Método: estudo exploratório descritivo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em um ambulatório de referência do estado de São Paulo, no período de fevereiro a março de 2020. A amostra constituiu-se de 32 adultos cadastrados no serviço, e que adotavam o CIL como forma de esvaziamento vesical. A coleta de dados foi realizada por entrevista individual com a utilização de um questionário semiestruturado. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, inferencial e categorização das respostas para as questões abertas. Resultados: dos 32 usuários, 84% eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 54,16 anos, 81% realizavam o procedimento entre 1 a 5 anos, com frequência de 4 a 6 vezes ao dia (66%). A maioria dos entrevistados (73%) preferiu o cateter de poliuretano com revestimento hidrofílico, convergindo com o percentual de usuários satisfeitos com o mesmo cateter. Conclusão: a tecnologia com maior satisfação é o cateter de poliuretano com revestimento hidrofílico devido a diversos atributos, como lubrificação, firmeza, embalagem, deslizamento na uretra, manipulação, eliminação rápida da urina e conforto

Objective:to assess the satisfaction of the person with urinary retention in the face of the use of different types of urinary catheters, as well as to compare and analyze different attributes of these after their use in clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Method: descriptive exploratory cross-sectional study, developed in a reference clinic in the state of São Paulo, from February to March 2020. The sample consisted of 32 adults registered in the service, and who adopted the CIC as a form of bladder emptying . Data collection was performed through individual interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics and categorization of responses to open questions. Results: of the 32 users, 84% were male, with a mean age of 54.16 years, 81% performed the procedure between 1 and 5 years, with a frequency of 4 to 6 times a day (66%). Most respondents (73%) preferred the hydrophilic-coated polyurethane catheter, converging with the percentage of users satisfied with the same catheter. Conclusion: the most satisfying technology is the hydrophilic-coated polyurethane catheter due to several attributes such as lubrication, firmness, packaging, urethral slip, handling, rapid urine clearance and comfort

Objetivo:evaluar la satisfacción de la persona con retención urinaria ante el uso de diferentes tipos de catéteres vesicales, así como comparar y analizar diferentes atributos de estos después de su utilización en el cateterismo intermitente limpio (CIL). Método: estudio exploratorio descriptivo de corte transversal, desarrollado en un ambulatorio de referencia del estado de San Pablo, en el período de febrero a marzo del 2020. La muestra se constituye de 32 adultos registrados en el servicio, y que adoptaban el CIL como forma de vaciamiento vesical. La recogida de datos fue realizada por entrevista individual con la utilización de un cuestionario semiestructurado. Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva, inferencial y categorización de las respuestas para las preguntas abiertas. Resultados: de los 32 usuarios, 84% eran del sexo masculino, con promedio de edad de 54,16 años, 81% realizaban el procedimiento entre 1 a 5 años, con frecuencia de 4 a 6 veces al día (66%). La mayoría de los entrevistados (73%) prefirió el catéter de poliuretano con revestimiento hidrófilo, convergiendo con el porcentual de usuarios satisfechos con el mismo catéter. Conclusión: la tecnología con mayor satisfacción es el catéter de poliuretano con revestimiento hidrófilo debido a diversos atributos, como lubricación, firmeza, embalaje, deslizamiento en la uretra, manipulación, eliminación rápida de la orina y comodidad

Evaluación del proceso de atención urológica de pacientes pediátricos con mielomeningocele / Evaluation of the urological care process of pediatric patients with myelomeningocele

Introducción: El mielomeningocele (MMC) es una de las malformaciones congénitas más severas compatible con la vida. El 90% de los pacientes presenta vejiga neurogénica que debe ser evaluada y tratada precozmente. Objetivos: Describir la evaluación y tratamiento nefrourológico recibido por pacientes con MMC hasta el momento de la primera consulta en el Hospital Garrahan (periodo pre-ingreso). Describir la evaluación realizada y el tratamiento urológico implementado a partir del ingreso al hospital Garrahan (periodo post-ingreso). Evaluar la prevalencia de Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC). Población y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio con diseño clínico analítico, retrospectivo, longitudinal sobre pacientes con MMC de 1 mes a 18 años derivados al Hospital Garrahan para atención ambulatoria en los años 2011 y 2012. Resultados: Se incluyeron115 pacientes. Al momento de la derivación al hospital ("pre-ingreso") 7% de los pacientes habían logrado completar evaluación nefrourológica, (ecografía vesicorenal, urodinamia, Cistouretrografía, Centellograma renal y Creatininemia). Tratamiento: 33% vaciaban vejiga por CIL o vesicostomía y 21% recibían Oxibutinina. A partir del ingreso al seguimiento en el Garrahan 83% lograron completar la evaluación, y en función del resultado de la misma se indicó CIL en 87% y Oxibutinina en el 66% de los pacientes. La prevalencia de ERC al ingreso fue de 43%; la mayoría en estadio I. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con MMC fueron derivados al hospital de tercer nivel con evaluaciones urológicas incompletas y sin el tratamiento adecuado de la vejiga neurogénica. El inicio del seguimiento interdisciplinario en un hospital de alta complejidad facilitó la realización de las evaluaciones necesarias y la implementación del tratamiento adecuado (AU)

Introduction: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is one of the most severe congenital malformations compatible with life. Of all the patients, 90% presents with a neurogenic bladder requiring early evaluation and treatment. Objectives: To describe the uronephrological evaluation and treatment received by patients with MMC up to the first consultation at Garrahan Hospital (pre-follow-up period). To describe the urological evaluation and treatment implemented from referral to Garrahan Hospital (follow-up period). To evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Population and Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal study with a clinical, analytical design was conducted in patients with MMC between 1 months and 18 years of age referred to Garrahan Hospital for outpatient care in 2011 and 2012. Results: 115 patients were included. At the time of referral to the hospital ("pre-follow-up") 7% of the patients had undergone complete uronephrological evaluation (kidney-bladder ultrasonography, urodynamic studies, cystourethrography, renal scintigraphy, and creatininemia levels). Treatment: 33% emptied their bladder by CIC or vesicostomy and 21% received oxybutynin. From follow-up initiation at Garrahan Hospital, 83% underwent complete evaluation, and based on the results CIC was indicated in 87% and oxybutynin in 66% of the patients. On admission, prevalence of CKD was 43%; with stage I in the majority of the patients. Conclusions: The majority of the patients with MMC were referred to a third-level hospital with incomplete urological studies and without adequate treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Initiation of interdisciplinary follow-up at a tertiary hospital allowed for the necessary studies and implementation of adequate treatment (AU)

Estudo e prevalência de bexiga neurogênica em pessoas com lesão medular traumática e não traumática no Brasil / Study and prevalence of neurogenic bladder in users with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury in Brazil

A bexiga neurogênica, frequentemente associada à lesão medular de causa traumática e não traumática, é uma disfunção vesical decorrente de alterações no sistema nervoso. Este estudo investigou e analisou a bexiga neurogênica, sua prevalência e manejo em pessoas com diagnóstico de lesão medular traumática (LMT) e não traumática (LMNT) em uma rede de hospitais de reabilitação. Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, exploratório, descritivo e analítico. Para responder à questão central do estudo, foi selecionada uma amostra com 954 participantes, probabilística, aleatória estratificada, das seis unidades da rede participantes do estudo, com dados coletados diretamente dos prontuários eletrônicos. A prevalência de bexiga neurogênica foi de 94,65% (n=903), 67% tinham diagnóstico de lesão medular traumática e 33% de lesão medular não traumática, 69,32% eram homens e 30,68%, mulheres, com média de idade de 46,12 anos (DP=13,26). O cateterismo vesical intermitente foi a principal forma de esvaziamento (66,11%), e a maioria realizava o autocateterismo intermitente (74,04%). A micção voluntária foi associada ao tipo de lesão, sendo mais prevalente entre os participantes com LMNT (p≤0,001, Teste Qui-quadrado). Para investigação urológica, 93,36% realizaram exames de ultrassonografia renal e vias urinárias e 87,82%, estudo urodinâmico. A irregularidade da parede vesical (p≤0,029, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson), o espessamento vesical (p ≤ 0,001, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson) e a hiperatividade detrusora (p≤0,009, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson) também apresentaram diferença estatística de acordo com o tipo de lesão, mais prevalentes nos participantes com LMT. Assim como a dilatação pielocalicinal, mais prevalente nos participantes com LMNT (p≤0,025, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson). Os participantes com LMT apresentaram maior pressão detrusora média, 38,73cmH2O vs. 30,17cmH2O do que os com LMNT (p ≤ 0,001, teste de Mann- Whitney). Sabe-se que a bexiga neurogênica de pessoas com lesão medular traumática tende a apresentar maior número de complicações e maior risco para o trato urinário superior, principalmente quando há relação com a presença de pressão elevada, baixa complacência e capacidade vesical reduzida. Este estudo evidenciou diferenças importantes entre o perfil de pessoas com lesão medular traumática e não traumática, mostrando a necessidade do manejo personalizado de acordo com a causa da lesão medular.

Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction that results from changes in the nervous system, and is frequently associated with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries. This study investigated and analyzed the neurogenic bladder, its prevalence and management in people diagnosed with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) in a network of rehabilitation hospitals. This is a quantitative, transversal, exploratory, descriptive and analytical study. A probabilistic, stratified random sample, composed of 954 participants, was used to answer the research question. Participants were selected from six of the hospital-network units and data were directly retrieved from electronic medical records. The prevalence of neurogenic bladder was 94.65% (n = 903), where 67% had a diagnosis of traumatic spinal cord injury and 33% non-traumatic spinal cord injury, 69.32% were male and 30.68% female, with a mean age of 46.12 years (SD = 13.26). The main draining method was intermittent bladder catheterization (66.11%), in most cases performed as intermittent self-catheterization (74.04%). Voluntary urination was associated with the type of injury, being more prevalent among participants with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) (p≤0.001, Chi- Square Test). For urological investigation, 93.36% of the participants were submitted to a renal and urinary-tract ultrasound scan and 87.82% to urodynamics. Bladder wall irregularity (p≤0.029, Pearson's chi-square test) and thickening (p ≤ 0.001, Pearson's chi-square test), and detrusor hyperactivity (p≤0.009, Pearson's chi-square test) also presented a statistical difference according to the type of injury, with a higher prevalence in participants with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). That was also the case of pyelocaliceal dilation, which was more prevalent in participants with NTSCI (p≤0.025, Pearson's Chi-square test). Participants with TSCI showed a mean detrusor pressure of 38.73 cmH2O, higher than the value of 30.17 cmH2O recorded for those with NTSCI (p ≤ 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). It is known that a neurogenic bladder in people with traumatic spinal cord injury tends to have a greater number of complications and greater risk for the upper urinary tract, especially when there is a relationship with the presence of high pressure, low compliance and reduced bladder capacity. This study unveiled important differences in the profiles of people with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury, highlighting the need for treatment to be tailored according to the cause of the spinal cord injury.

Clinical features of neurogenic bladder with vesicoureteral reflux in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical features of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with neurogenic bladder (NB), and to provide a reference for its early diagnosis and treatment.@*METHODS@#Clinical data were collected from 26 children with NB and urinary tract infection who were admitted to the Department of Pediatric Nephrology from January 2014 to December 2019. According to the presence or absence of VUR, the children were divided into a VUR group with 11 children and a non-VUR group with 15 children. Clinical features were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the non-VUR group, the VUR group had a significantly higher proportion of children with non-@*CONCLUSIONS@#When NB children have the clinical manifestations of non-